Encyclopaedia on India

The reign of Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar II (1673–1704) marked a transformative era in the religious and cultural history of Mysore. His rule was distinguished by the consolidation of Vaishnavism as the royal faith, while simultaneously allowing other traditions such as Jainism to thrive. This duality reflected both the king’s personal devotion and his pragmatic approach to governance in a diverse kingdom. Consolidation of Vaishnavism Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar II was deeply committed to the Vaisnava tradition, which became the spiritual backbone of Mysore’s royal dynasty during his reign. Centres like Melkote and Seringapatam emerged as prominent strongholds of Vaisnava practice, attracting scholars, devotees, and temple builders. These hubs not only reinforced the religious identity of the dynasty but also became cultural centres where art, music, and literature flourished under royal patronage. One of his earliest acts of devotion was the construction of a temple dedicated to Lord Pa...

The history of women in ancient India is a profound narrative that reflects reverence, intellectual prominence, and eventual decline in status. Across different ages, women were celebrated as goddesses, scholars, and spiritual leaders, yet gradually confined to domestic roles under patriarchal structures. Sanskrit texts, epics, and Indo-Aryan literature reveal both the heights of respect women once enjoyed and the restrictions that later emerged. Early Matriarchal Traditions In the earliest phases of civilization, traces of matriarchy were evident. The Indus Valley Civilization emphasized goddess worship, particularly through Shakta rituals. The feminine principle was revered as the omniscient creator, preserver, and destroyer, while the masculine was seen as subordinate. Women were respected not only as mothers but also as scholars, preachers, and spiritual leaders. This period reflected harmony between genders, with women embodying creative energy and occupying central roles in s...

Haryana, a vibrant state in northern India, is celebrated for its agricultural prosperity, historical legacy, and rich traditions. Among its many cultural treasures, the traditional attire of its people stands out as a vivid reflection of their lifestyle and values. The clothing of both men and women is simple yet symbolic, embodying the rustic charm and heritage of the region. Traditional Dress of Haryana for Men The attire of Haryanvi men is practical, comfortable, and deeply tied to their agrarian roots. Dhoti : The dhoti is the quintessential garment for men. It is a long piece of cloth, usually white, wrapped around the waist and tucked securely. Wearing a white dhoti is considered a mark of status and respect in society. Kurta : Paired with the dhoti, men wear a kurta, generally white in color. The kurta is loose-fitting, ensuring comfort during agricultural work and daily activities. Pagri (Turban) : The pagri is a traditional headgear m...

Delhi, the capital city of India and the third largest urban center in the world, is a cultural mosaic that beautifully blends history with modernity. Its identity is shaped by centuries of dynastic rule, colonial influence, and contemporary innovation. The culture of Delhi is not static; it evolves constantly, reflecting the city’s cosmopolitan spirit and its role as The Heart of the Nation . Heritage and Architecture Old Delhi embodies the grandeur of the Mughal era with its forts, palaces, and museums. The Red Fort, Qutab Minar, and Humayun’s Tomb stand as timeless monuments, each narrating stories of India’s past. These sites, recognized as UNESCO World Heritage treasures, are not only architectural marvels but also cultural anchors. In contrast, New Delhi showcases modern architecture with palatial government buildings, wide boulevards, and landmarks such as the Lotus Temple and Akshardham. This juxtaposition of old and new makes Delhi unique, setting it apart from other metro...

Introduction The Bunts are today classified as Sudras, though historically they played the role of Kshatriyas in early centuries of the Christian era. Alongside the Nadavas, they served as military chieftains in the coastal belt of Karnataka, particularly in the region known as Tulu Nadu. Their lands were often granted by rulers as rewards for services rendered in wars, which gradually transformed them into agriculturists. By the time the Vijayanagar dynasty rose to prominence in South Kanara around 1336 AD, several Bunt and Jain feudatory chieftains were already firmly established. Origins and Historical Role The Word Bunt in Tulu means “powerful man” or “warrior,” reflecting their martial heritage. Traditionally, Bunts were a warrior-class community with agrarian roots, forming the landed gentry of Tulu Nadu. Their homeland, stretching from the Western Ghats to the Arabian Sea, included present-day Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and parts of Kasargod. The...